In eukaryotic cells, protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. The process involves several steps, including transcription and translation.
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Transcription: Transcription takes place in the nucleus. The DNA sequence of a gene is transcribed into a complementary messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule by the enzyme RNA polymerase https://bbgate.com/media/4-mmc-mephedrone-synthesis-complete-video-tutorial.37/. This mRNA carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes.
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RNA Processing: After transcription, the mRNA molecule undergoes processing. This includes the removal of non-coding regions called introns and the joining together of coding regions called exons. The processed mRNA molecule is then ready for translation.
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Translation: Translation occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes. The mRNA molecule is read by the ribosome, and the genetic code is translated into a sequence of amino acids. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon sequence on the mRNA. The ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids, resulting in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain.
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Post-Translational Modifications: After translation, the newly synthesized polypeptide chain may undergo various post-translational modifications, such as folding, cleavage, addition of chemical groups, or association with other molecules. These modifications are important for the proper functioning of the protein.
It is worth noting that protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is a highly regulated process involving various factors and mechanisms. The specific details and regulation of protein synthesis can vary depending on the cell type and context.