EOC PREP

·         Railroads – moving troops and supplies

·         Iron v. Steel – weapons

·         Textiles – cloth for uniforms and blankets

·         Coal – fuel for RRs

·         Rubber – water-proof shoes

·         Processed foods – meals for soldiers

·         South

·         Midwest

·         Mid-Atlantic

·         Northeast

·         Upper Midwest

·         Atlantic Coast

·         California

·         Crop famines

·         European social and political unrest

·         Religious freedom

·         BTW’s “Atlanta Compromise”

·         Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth”

·         Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a Woman?”

·         Jane Addams’s “Hull House”

·         Jacob Riss’s photographs

·         Mining – high pressure water pumps

·         Farming – steel-tipped plow

·         Ranching – barbed wire

·         Vanderbilt – oil tycoon; monopolies

·         Westinghouse – sending electricity over distances

·         Carnegie – vertical integration; “gospel of wealth”

·         Pullman – sleeper car on trains

·         Bell – telephone

·         Edison – light bulb

·         Rockefeller – horizontal integration; rise of big business

·         Swift –refrigerated RR cars

·         Armour – meat processing (Think Armour meats!)

·         Industrial capitalists exploited wage earners, immigrants, and racial groups to make huge profits.

·         Farmers experienced falling crop prices and rising business costs.

·         Populist reaction to politicians and/or tycoons

·         Railroad development

·         Westward expansion

·         Dawes Act

·         Urban development

·         President Grant(1869-1876)

o   Black Friday – conspiracy to raise price of gold

o   Credit Mobilier – RRs bribe politicians to increase profits

o   Whiskey Ring – politicians take bribes and steal tax $ from whiskey taxes

·         Tammany Hall – corrupt Democrats control NYC

·         Boss System – corrupt politicians controlling city governments

·         Garfield’s assassination – killed by a man who demanded a job because of spoils system

·         Civil Service Reform – set up test for civil service jobs (ended spoils system)

·         Granger laws – to control RR and grain elevator prices for farmers

·         Interstate Commerce Act (ICC) – to stop monopolies and corruption in RRs

·         Electricity – extended work and play hours

·         Indoor plumbing – improved sanitation

·         Communication – news spread faster

·         Transportation – expanded industry and westward expansion

·         Imperialism is when a powerful country takes a weaker country as a possession and uses it for resources, a market for its exports, labor force, etc.

·         American businesses wanted to use the resources from other places, such as sugar cane from Philippines

·         Americans held the belief that their nation was superior and that it had the right to impose its influence on “inferior” people and nations

·         American missionaries wanted to convert people in other places to Christianity

·         The Monroe Doctrine was a part of U.S. foreign policy that said no other countries were welcome to establish colonies in North or South America.

·         The Spanish-American War was when the U.S. went to war against Spain to free the people in Spain’s colonies (Cuba, Guam, Philippines) from Spanish rule.

·          American businessmen also wanted to take these colonies for the U.S. so they could ship their goods for sale there, expanding their trade.

·         An extractive economy is when a powerful country uses a smaller one to take its resources, such as tea, rubber, iron, petroleum, etc.

·         The U.S., under Pres. Theodore Roosevelt, built the Panama Canal in Central America so that they could more easily ship goods from other places and also so that they could better defend themselves from attack. The canal linked the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

·         Anglo-Saxon means people descended from England and other western European countries such as France. During this period, many people believed Anglo-Saxons were a superior race and so they had a right, even a duty, to control and influence other people.

·         Yellow journalism was the practice of publishing sensational and exaggerated stories in newspapers. It was used by William Randolph Hearst and others to incite Americans to go to war with Spain.

·         The U.S. got the support of Filipino nationals in the war with Spain by promising them their independence after Spain was defeated. Instead, we left our troops there in a military occupation. The Filipinos then began a fight against the U.S. for their independence.

·         Women fought for the right to vote during this period. The 19^th amendment was passed in 1920 [Remember the movie “Iron-Jawed Angels”)

·         The Progressives passed several laws to protect consumers, such as:

o   Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

o   Meat Inspection Act (1906)

·         Initiative – people can propose a new law by collecting signatures on a petition

·         Referendum – allows citizens to vote to approve or reject laws passed by the legislature

·         Recall – gives citizens to right to remove an official from office before his/her term ends

·         Progressives got several laws passed to protect workers’ rights, such as shorter work day, outlawing child labor, etc.

·         Antitrust legislation means laws that control big businesses

o   Sherman Antitrust Act – outlawed monopolies and practices like price fixing

o   Clayton Antitrust Act - Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act by spelling out specific activities businesses could not do

o   Hepburn Act – authorized the government to control regulate RR rates

·         Muckrakers were writers who investigated corruption in business and government and wrote stories to expose them. Examples: Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair

·         German U-boats were sinking unarmed ships, including the Lusitania which carried American passengers. In addition, the Zimmerman note was sent by Germany to Mexico saying that if the U.S. declared war on Germany, Mexico should declare war on the U.S. In return, after the war Germany would give Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona back to Mexico.

·         The British blockade of Germany had reduced American trade.

·         Pres. Wilson tried to keep the U.S. neutral, but German U-boats and the Zimmerman note finally caused him to ask Congress to declare war on Germany.

·         The radio became the centerpiece of most American homes during the 20s.

·         The automobile was made affordable by Henry Ford. It led to the growth of other businesses, such as gas stations, the vacation industry, and the highway system.

·         The phonograph enabled Americans to listen to music anytime and anyplace.

·         Prohibition, the 18^th amendment, led to an increase in organized crime as criminal gangs made and sold illegal alcohol.

·         Birth control enabled women to have fewer children and more freedom.

·         Sports heroes from this period include

o   Babe Ruth – baseball

o   Jack Dempsey – boxing

o   Bobby Jones - golf

·         36 states had to ratify the 19^th amendment for it to pass, and Tennessee was the 36^th state to pass it. It passed In our state legislature by only one vote

·         Anne Dallas Dudley led the campaign for woman’s suffrage in Nashville

·         Harry Burn was a young legislator who changed his vote at the last minute to break the tie and pass the 19^th amendment

·         Albert Roberts was governor of Tennessee and encouraged the state legislature to ratify the 19^th amendment

·         Farmers borrowed money & bought equipment to produce more food during WWI, but after the war demand for their crops dropped, prices fell, and they could no longer pay their debts

·         During WWI, factories expanded to produce more goods for the war, but demand for their goods fell after the war and they could no longer pay their debts

·         During the Roaring 20s, many Americans bought goods on credit that they could not really afford to pay for

·         Investors bought stock on margin, meaning they bought stock on credit, then resold it after a few weeks for a higher price. They then could pay for the stock and have a profit. However, when stock prices stopped going up, they were stuck with stock they couldn’t pay for.

·         When the economic downturn began, the federal government passed the Hawley-Smoot Tariff on foreign imports. This was meant to make imports too expensive to compete with U.S. goods. However, the tariff backfired because other countries retaliated by placing tariffs on U.S. goods so that U.S. manufacturers could not sell their goods overseas.

·         Laissez-faire means that the government stays out of the economy and lets it take care of itself. When the economic downturn began, the federal government did little to improve things, so the depression deepened until it was too late to stop it.

·         The Harlem Renaissance refers to a rise in African American arts and culture in the Harlem area of New York City. It included

o   Langston Hughes – poet

o   Zora Neale Hurston – novelist

o   Claude McKay – writer

·         The Lost Generation refers to young writers in the 1920s who rejected the strict rules and moral code of the Victorian era and searched for new truths and fresh ways of expressing themselves in their writing. They include F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway.

·         Ida Tarbell was a journalist who wrote about John D. Rockefeller and how he used ruthless and dishonest methods to increase his profits at Standard Oil. Her writing encouraged Congress to pass laws against trusts and monopolies.

·         Upton Sinclair was a novelist who wrote The Jungle, a novel that exposed the unsanitary meat packing plants and poor working conditions for immigrants in Chicago.

·         Gifford Pinchot was an advisor to Theodore Roosevelt who recommended that our forests be protected, not so animals would keep their natural habitats, but so that their lumber could be used to build homes.

·         Theodore Roosevelt – Surely you know who he was!!!!

·         W.E.B. DuBois believed that African Americans should demand full equality immediately, that young African Americans should be encouraged to attend college, and that they should not have to “earn” rights, such as voting, that were already guaranteed them in the Constitution.

·         Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans could best achieve equality by achieving economic independence. He felt that black people must tolerate discrimination while they proved themselves to white people, then civil rights would come slowly.

·         Marcus Garvey founded the “Back to Africa” movement

·         After WWI, the Treaty of Versailles left a weak German government with many economic and political problems. Hitler took advantage of these problems to gain power.

·         Fascism was a form of totalitarian government. During the worldwide depression, dictators were able to take advantage of people’s fears and come to power. Example: Benito Mussolini in Italy

·         After WWI, Pres. Wilson established the League of Nations to prevent future wars, but the U.S. congress refused to allow the U.S. to join. Because of this and other reasons, the League of Nations was too weak to deal with Hitler and other problems that led to WWII.

·         Japan wanted to expand its economy during the Depression, so they invaded China and other Asian lands to build their empire.

·         See Cause and Effect: The Great Depression on p.390

·         Totalitarianism – a  government in which a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people

·         Fascism – a type of totalitarian government in Italy under Benito Mussolini during WWII

·         Communism – a form of totalitarian government in which the government owns all property and controls the economy, denies freedom of speech and religion

·         Nationalism – devotion to and pride in one’s nation

·         Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jewish people

·         Hoovervilles were communities of temporary houses built by homeless families during the Depression

·         The Bonus Army was a group of WWI veterans who marched to Washington during the Depression to get a bonus promised them by the government. See p.387

·         Migrations & the Dust Bowl – See p.378

·         Worldwide economic depression – See diagram on p.372

·         Democrat victory in 1932 – FDR was elected because Republican presidents Coolidge and Hoover had failed to improve the economy

·         Because time were so hard, many people turned to religion

·         See pp. 504-505

·         Social Security – pension system for the elderly & retirees, unemployment insurance, insurance for victims of job-related accidents

·         WPA – Works Progress Administration oversaw program to create new jobs. See p.418-419

·         TBA –

·         Indian Reorganization Act – gave Indians economic assistance and more control over their own affairs

·         FDIC – Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, see p.428

·         CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps, see p.428

·         Wagner/Fair Labor Standards Act – see chart on p.409

·         See World War II Home Front on p.504

·         See Experience the World War II Home Front on pp.480-481

·         The Manhattan Project was the work of scientists who developed the atomic bomb.

·         The A-bomb was dropped on Nagasaki & Hiroshima to end the war with Japan (WWII).

·         Nuclear proliferation means a drastic increase in the number of nuclear weapons built during the Cold War

·         Espionage – spying, which was done by many agents of the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Remember Ethyl and Julius Rosenberg?

·         The U.S. government performed experiments to determine the medical effects of the radiation from A-bombs on people

·         See p.401, p.410

·         U.S. & other allies – democracy; capitalist; respect for individual differences

·         Soviet Union – communist, government-controlled economy; no allowances for differences

·         This is what created the Cold War

·         Racial segregation

·         Generation Conflict – see p.684

·         Gender equality – see p.689 “Comparing Viewpoints”

·         Ethnic identification – see p.694 “Migrant Workers”

·         See map on p.513

·         Space Race – competition between U.S. and Soviet Union to place a man on the moon, see p.626

·         Hollywood - movies

·         Communication networks

·         Mass media – television, radio, etc.

·         Medical advances

·         Interstate Highway System

·         Korea – U.S. sent troops to help South Koreans resist communist army from North Korea

·         Vietnam – U.S. sent troops to help South Vietnamese resist communism from Vietcong & North Vietnam

·         Cuba – Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis

·         Germany – after WWII, was divided into two countries: East Germany was communist and West Germany was non-communist and backed by U.S.

·         McCarthyism – Joseph McCarthy led Senate investigations into accused communist spies; used bullying tactics, half-truths, and intimidation

·         Fear – see “Red Scare Culture” on p.534-535

·         Conformity – many Americans criticized the emphasis on conformity (fitting in and being the same as everyone else) of the 1950s

·         Counterculture – movement in the 1950s and 1960s that rejected the rules and values of the older generation

·         Generation gap – see p.684

·         Highway system

·         Consumerism

·         Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) established “separate but equal” was legal

·         Brown v. Board (1954) said segregation was unconstitutional – overturned Plessy

·         Miranda v. Arizona (1966) ruled that police had to advise a person of his/her rights when placing them under arrest

·         Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) ruled that if a defendant could not afford an attorney, the court must provide one for him/her

·         Integration of Clinton, TN, High School – 1956

·         Little Rock Central High School – “Little Rock Nine” – 1957

·         Montgomery Bus Boycott – 1955 – Rosa Parks

·         Freedom Riders – 1961 – see map on p.591

·         Birmingham bombings –

·         Nashville lunch counter sit-ins – students sat at lunch counters and refused to move to protest the refusal of many restaurants to serve African Americans – Diane Nash led the movement

·         James Meredith – African American student who integrated University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) see picture on p.592

·         March on Washington – see p.594-595

·         Civil Rights Act of 1964 – See p.610 “Civil Rights Legislation”

·         Bay of Pigs – failed attempt to use Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro in Cuba

·         Brinkmanship – Cold War approach by Sec. of State Dulles; stated that to prevent war, you had to prove that you would go to the brink or edge of war

·         Cuban Missile Crisis – see p.621

·         Peaceful coexistence – policy introduced by Pres. Nixon that the U.S. and communist countries could coexist without fighting

·         Strom Thurmond – gov. & senator from South Carolina who opposed integration

·         Eugene “Bull” Conner – Birmingham’s Commissioner of Public Safety who used dogs and fire hoses against African American protesters

·         George Wallace – Alabama governor who fought against integration, see picture on p.589

·         Diane Nash – led lunch counter sit-in movement in Nashville

·         Betty Friedan – spoke out for equal rights for women, see p.687

·         Martin Luther King, Jr. – Surely you know this one!!!

·         Malcolm X – leader of Nation of Islam; disagreed with King about strategies

·         Stokely Carmichael – leader of “Black Power” movement

·         Albert Gore, Sr. – senator from Tennessee who supported civil rights

9.11.2 Read and interpret Cold War documents (e.g. Truman’s announcement of the dropping of atomic bombs, the contrast between Eisenhower’s farewell speech and Kennedy’s inaugural speech, Goldwater’s 1964 party nomination acceptance speech, Johnson’s Gulf of Tonkin declaration)

9.12.2 Identify the changes in the music industry brought about by Tennessee’s influence       

·         Grand Ole Opry – country music show in Nashville that helped make country music famous

·         WSM – country music radio station in Nashville

·         Nashville music publishing – published a lot of hit songs by country music artists

·         Memphis Sun Studio – recorded records for rock and roll hits like Johnny Cash, Elvis Presley, etc.

·         Elvis Presley – The King! (and you thought it was Jerry Lawler) see p.566

·         Media – see “A New Entertainment” on p.564

·         Entertainment – see “Baby-Boom Kids” on p.563

·         Suburbia – See “The New Suburban Lifestyle” on p.554-555

·         Education – many new schools had to be built; education became more “democratized” (more accessible to all)

·         Counterculture – see p.682-683

·         Sam Walton – founder of Wal-Mart

·         Michael Dell – founder of Dell Computers

·         Ray Kroc – franchised McDonald’s restaurants and started fast food industry

·         Lee Iococca – president of Chrysler

·         Donald Trump

·         Bill Gates – founder of Microsoft

·         Steve Jobs – founder of Apple computers

·         Jeff Bezos – founded Amazon.com

·         Administration

·         Investigators                      See “Watergate Forces Nixon from Office”, p.714-715

·         Media                                     and “Watergate in Review”, p.732

·         See Timeline on p.732-733 and “International Relations in the 1970s” on p.732

·         NAFTA treaty – North American Free Trade Agreement: allows free trade among the U.S., Mexico, and Canada

o   Advantages: has reduced prices; increased exports; promoted economic growth

o   Disadvantages: many jobs have been lost to Mexico where wages are much cheapter

·         Import quotas – see p.824-825

·         Free trade agreements – see p.824-825

 Era 9-10 Study Guide.docx