Chapter Four Page134
CompletingThe Accounting Cycle
Objective: To have studentsdemonstrate their knowledge in completing the accounting cycle by preparing aworksheet, extending the accounts, preparing the F/S and calculating N/I. Thenthey will close out the temporary accounts and prepare a post close trialbalance and classified balance sheet.
Topics to be covered:
Completing the AccountingCycle
- Worksheet
o Benefits
o Parts
o Use
- Closing Process
o Why and When
o PermanentAccounts
o Temporary Accounts
o Closing J/E’s
o Post-Close TrialBalance
- Accounting Cycle
o Description
o Review
- ClassifiedBalance Sheet
o Structure
o Categories
Worksheet
- Often referredto as working papers
- Not a formalreport
- Helps inpreparation of F/S
- Reduces errors
- Helps organizeinformation to assist in audits
- Prepare interimF/S
- Shows effects of“what if” transactions
How the 10 column Worksheetworks and its parts
1. Enter theunadjusted T/B from the G/L
2. Enteradjustments (always at least 1 Dr. & 1 Cr. with reference number)
3. Prepare adjustedT/B. Unadjusted T/B, add or subtract adjustments to get the adjusted trialbalance.
4. Sort balancesfrom each account in order to extend the new balance into either the I/S orB/S.
5. Total eachcolumn making sure the Dr. =Cr. for each column category.
6. Compute the N/Ior N/L on the bottom of the I/S columns.
7. Prepare formalF/S
8. Journalize theAdjustments
(seethe transparencies in the book page 138-139)
Closingentries and Procedures
Theseare prepared after the reports have been finalized and the accounting period iscomplete.
Theyprepare the accounts for the next period:
- First youidentify the accounts needed for closing (all temporary, I/S, accounts andselected permanent, B/S, accounts)
- Journalize theadjustments from the worksheet
- Record and postclosing entries into the G/L
- Prepare aPost-Close Trial Balance. Thisshould only have permanent accounts and their balances. ALL temporary accounts will have a zerobalance and not be reported on the adjusted T/B.
Temporary accounts relate toone accounting period. All temporary accounts, accounts used in the incomestatement beginning with the numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, & 9, must be closed out tothe balance sheet using the temporary equity account call “Income Summary”.When done, all revenue and expense accounts will have a zero balance.
Permanent accounts relate toone or more future accounting periods. Permanent accounts, or real accounts,are all the accounts used on the B/S which include; assets, liabilities, andowners capital.
NewAccount in equity section that is a temporary holding account is called IncomeSummary. This account is alsoknown as a mini income statement as the total revenue balance and total expensebalance are held here before being moved top owners capital.
Processof closing entries:
- Close all credit balance revenue accounts to Income Summary. Use each account individually but the credit total goes to the Income summary account. ie.:
DrSales
DrFees
Cr.Income Summary
- Close all debit balance expense accounts to Income Summary. Use each account individually but the debit total goes to Income Summary.
Dr.Income Summary
Cr. Salary Exp
Cr. Utiity Exp.
3. Close the Income Summary Account out to the Owners Capital accountmaking the Income Summary account balance zero. The amount that gets transferred is the same amount that isreported on the income statement.
Dr.Income Summary - this is if youhad N/I
Cr.Owner’s capital
Or
Dr.Owner’s capital
Cr.Income Summary – this is if you had a N/L
- Close the Owners Withdrawal account, a temporary equity account, directly to the owners capital account.
Dr.Owners’s Capital
Cr.Owner’s Withdrawal
The last step is to preparea Post-Close Trial Balance to assure that no Temporary account still has abalance and that the G/L, Dr’s. & Cr’s . equal and the G/L is inbalance. What is left is thebalance sheet and only permanent accounts.
The Accounting Cycle
-TenSteps
1. Analyze Transactions
2.Journalize
3.Post
4.Prepare Unadjusted Trial Balance
5.Adjustments
6.Prepare Adjusted Trial Balance
7.Prepare Financial Statements
8.Closing Entries
9.Prepare Post-Close Trial Balance
10.Reversing J/E (optional)
Classified Balance Sheet
In an unclassified, orsummary level balance sheet the accounts are broadly classified.
The Classified B/S: (seepage 146)
- OrganizesAssets, Liabilities, and Equity into sub groups with detail and provides moreinformation to its users.
- It separatescurrent and long term (long term being for more than one year)
o Current Assets –are sold or collected or has value within one year. ie; Cash, A/R
o Plant Assets –Long lived, depreciable assets. Ie; Auto, Buildings
o Long Term Assets– Held for more than one year. ie; N/R
o IntangibleAssets – Long term resources that lack physical properties. Ie; Contracts, copyrights,goodwill.
o CurrentLiabilities – obligations that are settled within one year. ie; A/P
o Long TermLiabilities – Obligations due after one year. ie; N/P
o Equity – Ownersremaining claim on the assets. Ie; Owners Capital
Current Ratio
-Measures a companiesability to pay back It’s short term obligations:
CurrentAssets/ Current Liabilities
The further away from 1 thebetter it is. This is compared year to year and against the industryaverage. Less than 1 is a currentliability exceeding a current asset and is not good.
DemoProblem page 148 – 151
QuickStudy, Exercises, and Problems
1.Do QS: 4-2– Accounting Cycle pg 156
4-3– Classify B/S Items pg 156
Ex.4-1 – Prepare and post Closing J/E pg 157
Ex.4-2 – Closing J/E & Post Close T/B pg 158
Ex.4-8 - Adjusting J/E’s fromWorksheet pg 159 & 160
2.Do QS: 4-1– Effects of Closing Entries pg155 & 156
4-5– Compute Capital pg 156
Ex.4-4 – Prepare F/S pg 159
Ex.4-5 – Classified B/S pg 159
Problem4-1 Classify B/S accounts by category pg 162
3.Do QS: 4-6 – Applying aworksheet pg 156
4-7– Worksheet Steps pg 157
Ex.4-10 –Extending to the I/S or B/S pg 160
Ex. 4-11 – I/S& Closing entries pg 161
4.Do Ex: 4-3 – Closing Entriesand Post Close T/B pg 158
Ex. 4-12 Worksheet withAdjustments & Closing entries pg 161
5.Do QS: 4-8 Partial Worksheet pg 157
Problem4-2 Apply Accounting Cycle J/E to Reports pg 162-163
6.Do QS: 4-9 Closing J/E’s pg 157
Finishproblem 4-2
7.Do Ex. 4-5 Worksheet extending pg 160
Problem4-5 Worksheet, Closing J/E, & F/S pg 165
CurrentRatio QS 4-4 pg 156
Ex. 4-6 pg 159 (use ex 4-4)
EX 4-7 pg 15