Review for Endocrine Exam
•1. Hormone – definition
•2. 2 Types of Glands – Endocrine and Exocrine
•3. Second Messenger, Target Organ, Hypersecretion, Hyposecretion, receptor
•4. 2 Types of Hormones – Protein, Steroid
•5. 2 Types of Feedback – Positive and Negative
•6. Difference between normal endocrine glands and Prostaglandins (PGs)
Review -- Hypothalamus
•Where Located? Brain
•Hormones it makes:
–Makes ADH and Oxytocin à dumped into the posterior pituitary by neurons
•ADH à water retention by kidneys
•Oxytocin à causes labor contractions (positive feedback)
–Releases Inhibitor and Releasing hormones to turn on or shut off the Anterior Pituitary
Review – Anterior Pituitary
•Releases 4 Tropic Hormones – hormones that activate other glands
–TSH – activates thyroid gland
–ACTH – activates the Adrenal Cortex
–FSH – female à development of follicle, secretion of estrogen, male à sperm production
–LH – female à maturation of ovarian follicles, ovulation, development of corpus luteum, male à secretes testosterone (by testes)
- MSH -- stimulates the production of melanin (skin pigment)
- GH -- stimulates the growth of muscles, bones, tissues and organs in the body
- Prolactin -- stimulates the production and release of milk by the mammary glands in pregnant women)
Review – Posterior Pituitary
•Hormones it releases:
–Makes ADH and Oxytocin à dumped into the posterior pituitary by neurons
•ADH à water retention by kidneys
•Oxytocin à causes labor contractions (positive feedback)
Review – Pineal Gland
•Located – Brain
•Hormone released
– Melatonin à onset of puberty and menstrual cycle
•Pineal gland is thought to be the internal clock of each individual
Review -- Thyroid
•Located – Neck region below larynx
•Hormones Released
–Thyroxin (T4), Iodothyronine (T3) à metabolic hormones (release energy from food)
–Calcitonin – decrease calcium in blood by bone resorption
Review – Parathyroid
•Where located – On thyroids
•How many of them – 4
•Hormone released
– PH (parathyroid Hormone)
–Increase calcium concentration in blood. Osteoclasts break down bone tissue and release calcium back into bloodstream
Review -- Thymus
•Where located à Mediastinum (heart cavity)
•Hormone released – Thymosin à development of the immune system
•The thymus gland is mostly made up of lymphocytes (WBC’s)
•Only active in children
Review – Adrenal Cortex
•Where located –top of kidneys – outer part
•Hormones released
–Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) àcontrol the amount of sodium (increases) and potassium (decreases)salts in blood
–Glucocoticoids à Cortisol and hydrocortisone à maintains glucose and blood pressure levels, anti-inflammatory
–Secrete sex hormones – Estrogen and testosterone --> stimulates sex drive
Review – Adrenal Medulla
•Where located – On top of Kidneys, inner portion
•Hormones Released – Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine
–Increase heart rate
–Increase blood pressure
–Increase blood to muscles
–Secretes more glucose for energy
–Fight or Flight response
Pancreas – Review
•Where Located? Upper Abdominal Cavity
•Endocrine and Exocrine Gland
•Islets of Langerhans – release digestive juices into the pancreatic duct (Exocrine)
•Hormones Release (Endocrine)
–Insulin – decrease blood glucose by cell uptake
–Glucagon – increase blood glucose levels
–2 types of Diabetes à mellitus and insipidus
Review -- Ovaries
•Where located – Pelvic Cavity
•Hormones Released
–1. Ovarian Follicles release Estrogen
–2. Corpus Luteum releases Estrogen and Progesterone
•Function
–1. Maintains the menstrual cycle (maintains uterine wall lining)
Review -- Testes
•Where located – Pelvic Cavity
•Hormone Released – testosterone that is made by the testes
•Function – male sex hormone that gives males their characteristics and helps with the production of sperm
Review – Placenta
•Temporary Endocrine gland in pregnant females.
•Where located? Uterus of pregnant females
•Hormone(s) released – Chorionic Gonadotropins (GnRH or hCG) that are released by the chorion (outer membrane of the placenta, Estrogen and Progesterone
•Function – to maintain the uterine wall from breaking down and stopping the menstrual cycle until the baby is born.
•Hormones are taken up by the kidneys and released in urine
– Pregnancy tests are positive if these hormones are present in the urine of pregnant women